‘Ilm Al-Bayan and Its Suitability in Analyzing Malay Poetry Texts

The beauty of poetry is influenced by the choice of words expressed in the style of any languages. There are influences of Arabic language and literature in the Malay world. In addition, most of studies on Malay literature text are using western theories. Therefore, this study attempts to examine the appropriateness of the use of ‘Ilm al-Bayan which is a form of Arabic Rhetoric in analyzing Malay poetry texts. The library approach is used in this study. The choice of this approach is to gather information related to ‘Ilm al-Bayan. Descriptive analysis approach is used to analyze the information gathered to see suitability of the Arabic style that used in assessing the Malay literature texts. The study found that there are similarities between the functions ‘Ilm al-Bayan with Malay rhetoric, although the terms of each of these languages are different. It is certainly based on the expression of the original speakers of the language, whether in Arabic or Malay literatures.


Introduction
Language plays a very important role in expressing a meaning. Accuracy in composing words can make a meaning reach the target. Therefore, the ability to recognize and master the aesthetic aspects of language can produce good work (Rahman: 1981). Thus, a poet's task in translating his ideas differs from his daily expression in terms of word choice and arrangement. This can be seen from his literary works that use beautiful words. Dharmawijaya (1998) argues that the use of words in poetry is a deviation from the norms or norms of the language system that has been known and accepted by the language community itself. Among the deviations found in poetry are semantic deviations. These deviations relate to the words or vocabulary used. This is to obtain accuracy with the expression of feelings of the soul so as to give rise to a meaning that is different from the meaning in the dictionary (Dharmawijaya: 1998).
There are influences of Arabic language and literature in the Malay world. This is the effect of the arrival of Arab traders from the Arabian Gulf to China, stopping at some places such as the Malay archipelago. The Muslim Arab traders engaging with the local community led to a change in culture and religion of the Malay community to spread the religion of Islam indirectly (Rahmah & Adli: 2008). The arrival of Islam in the archipelago region led to the knowledge of the community to the work of Arabic literature which is "shi'r". Therefore, Malay poetry is influenced by Arabic Islamic literature that revealed the literary workers based on the Malay language and genre of traditional Malay poetry such as pantun, seloka and gurindam (Rahmah & Adli: 2008).
Based on researcher's reading, most studies on Malay Literature are using western theories. Among them are Peirce's semiotic theory in the study of Tengku Intan Marlina and Salinah (2013) and Leech's theory of meaning in the study of Md Zahril Nizam, Darwalis, Noriah and Mohd Najib (2020).
Therefore, this study attempts to examine the appropriateness of the use of 'Ilm al-Bayan which is a form of Arabic Rhetoric in analyzing Arabic literary texts. This is due to the influence of Arabic in Malay; such as the word absorption from Arabic. In addition, if the western theory can be used to analyze works of Malay literature, most certainly, theories from the Middle East can also be used.
The library approach is used in this study. The choice of this approach is to gather information related to 'Ilm al-Bayan. Descriptive analysis approach is used to analyze the information gathered to see suitability of the 'Ilm al-Bayan to be used in assessing the Malay literature texts.
al-Jarim and Amin (1999) say that al-majaz al-mursal is the use of a word not supporting its original meaning with a non-similar relationship along with a sign that prevents for the original meaning of the word. Since al-majaz al-mursal is formed not by similar relations, then al-Majaz al-mursal requires a factor of relations ('alaqat) in the stylistic expression. The existence of 'alaqat in an expression can distinguish its purpose formed from another. iii) al-kinayah Amin (2006) defines al-kinayah as a desired expression which a meaning is not the actual meaning as used, but it is still permissible to desire the original meaning because there is no sign that prevents such a desire.
This style of al-kinayah has various forms based on meaning; namely kinayah 'an sifah, kinayah' an mawsuf and kinayah 'an nisbah either in ithbat or nafiy forms. The forms of al-kinayah based on the characteristics are al-ta'rid, al-talwih, al-ramz and al-ima'.

b) Malay Poetry
Poetry is the earliest form of literature for all nations in the world because human beings in the early stages are only able to express feelings, desires, ambitions and so on in the form of speech or oral because they do not have writing (Haron: 2002). Poetry is a term used for various forms of rhythmic utterance through the full imaginative perception of a writer or poet (Glosari Istilah Kesusasteraan: 1988). Genres that belong to poetry as stated by Zalila & Jamilah (pngr.) (1993) include pantun, syair, nazam, gurindam, seloka, teka-teki, peribahasa berirama, teromba, talibun, prosa lirik, mantera and dikir.
Abdul Halim (2006) lists the traditional Malay poetry into 18 types under three categories, namely, traditional Malay heritage poetry such as pantun, gurindam, seloka, teromba, talibun, mantera and peribahasa berangkap. The second group is the traditional poems of Islamic heritage such as syair, nazam, ruba'i, qit'ah, ghazal, masnawi and barzanji; while the third group is overlapping poems such as rejang, endoi, teka-teki and zikir. Za'ba (2002) lists the Sajak as a new poetic genre in the Malay literature. The following is a diagram of the types of the genre of poetry: There are similarities in function of 'Ilm al-Bayan with Malay Rhetoric, such as tashbih mu'akkad and tashbih baligh are similar with Malay Rhetoric called metafora. This is because; these language styles are used to compare two things that have similarities without using comparisons.
Simile in Malay Rhetoric has in common with the style of tashbih mursal in 'Ilm al-Bayan. Both are used on comparing two things by using words such as "bak", "umpama" and "seperti" in Malay Rhetoric , also word like ‫كأن‬ ‫ك,‬ and ‫مثل‬ in 'Ilm al-Bayan.
The similarity in functions is also shared by the isti'arah language style and the personifikasi language style. This is because both styles of languages give human nature and behavior to animals, objects or things that are abstract. hiperbola in Malay Rhetoric matches isti'arah and kinayah functions. The style of kinayah in 'Ilm al-Bayan also has similarities with the style of hiperbola with extreme use of words in meaning.
Majaz mursal in 'Ilm al-Bayan has similar functions in a style of Malay Rhetoric called sinekdoki. It is because 'alaqah majaz mursal which is al-juz'iyah expresses a part for the whole meaning.
Below is a table of similarities in function between 'Ilm al-Bayan and Malay Rhetoric: The similarities between tashbih mu'akkad and tashbih baligh and metafora. 2 The similarities between tashbih mursal and simile. 3 The similarities between isticarah and personifikasi including hiperbola. 4 The similarities between kinayah and hiperbola including metonimi. 5 The similarities between majaz mursal and sinekdoki.

Conclusion
The use of language style in poetry is an approach in conveying a meaning to the audience in a figurative way. This is closely related to the poet's ability to use words for a meaning with beautiful expression.
There are similarities in the functions between 'Ilm al-Bayan, which is a form of Arabic Rhetoric with Malay Rhetoric, even though the terms to any style of languages are different, such as tashbih mu'akkad and tashbih baligh with metafora. The differences in terminology are certainly according to the expression of the original speakers of the style of language, whether in Arabic or Malay literatures.