Contrastive Analysis of Arabic and Malay for Adjective Phrases in Short Stories

The influence of the Arabic language has permeated into the Malay language. The introduction of Arabic vocabulary into the Malay language resulted in the existence of Malay loanwords derived from Arabic. In addition, the influence of Malay as a mother tongue affects students in mastering Arabic. First language knowledge and experience are often used by students while learning a foreign language. This causes confusion to students in understanding and mastering the structure of Arabic phrases. This is because, the structure of adjective phrases differs between Arabic and Malay. Therefore, this study aims to determine the types of adjective phrases in Arabic and Malay and to study the similarities and differences in both languages based on short stories by Mustafa Lutfi al-Manfaluti and Shahnon Ahmad. The research methodology is through a qualitative approach by document analysis using library research. This study also uses the contrastive analysis approach pioneered by Robert Lado (1957) in his book ‘Lingustic Across Culturse’. This analysis is done systematically by comparing the two languages to determine the similarities and differences in terms of adjective phrases in selected short stories. The findings show that there are similarities and differences of adjective phrases in Arabic and Malay which include elements of single adjective phrases, working phrases as adjective phrases, noun phrases as adjective phrases and conjunctions as adjective phrases.


Introduction
Arabic is an important language other than Malay because it can be categorized as a foreign language in Malaysia in addition to its widespread use, especially in the religious field. In addition, Arabic is a language that has a language style, vocabulary and contains grammatical features that are different from Malay (Zainur Rijal & Mahmoud Mohamad Ali, 2014). A good mastery of Arabic vocabulary will contribute to a good mastery of the language whereas a poor mastery of vocabulary will cause the mastery for the language to be weak. (Harun Baharudin & Zawawi Ismail, 2016). This is because the meaning that is to be expressed and expressed will not reach except in the presence of vocabulary.
Moreover, in Arabic the grammar is able to give various meanings and messages according to the wishes of the speaker and the writer. This is because, speakers and writers need to choose the use of good and most accurate grammar to describe the meaning and message to be conveyed. The success of a student in learning Arabic lies in the level of mastery in four language skills, namely writing skills, reading skills, listening skills and speaking skills. In foreign language learning students will use several strategies. Nevertheless, differences in the level of foreign language proficiency lie in the way language learning strategies are used (Kamarul Shukri Mat Teh et al., 2009). Thus, a student's level of proficiency in speaking lies at their level of education.
Apart from that, Malay is the main language in Malaysia. It is widely used in everyday community conversations, official functions, education and so on. Malay language is also a core subject in schools that requires every student to take the subject for the purpose of obtaining a certificate (Ministry of Education Malaysia, 1996). The content of Malay language subjects taught includes grammar. This grammar is a guide in learning the language because it is the most important aspect in constructing words and sentences.
The Malay language also produced many new words that were absorbed from other languages such as through colonization, religion and the influence of the Arabic language on the Malay language which had a great impact on the language system. In addition, the influence of foreign languages also has a lot of impact on the Malay language, especially in terms of vocabulary (Abdul Rauf, 2006). It also occurred in the development of the Arabic language. With the increase of vocabulary in both languages will increase the development and have their own characteristics. Foreign language effects, too, affect sound, vocabulary, word meaning, language style, as well as in syntactic, morphological and phonological contexts.
In this study, more focused on the Syntactic aspect. Syntax is a language subsystem that tells the relationship between sentences, phrases and clauses (Ahmad Khair, 2003). This means that syntactically related analysis will reveal phrase elements and sentence elements. Moreover, this syntax is referred to as an-Nahwu in Arabic which refers to the construction of words and sentences. Ilmu an-Nahwu in Arabic is a method that needs to be used to produce a meaning correctly. This method of an-Nahwu also needs to be mastered by one in learning Arabic. By using such methods, the Arabic language can be used correctly and able to understand the meaning of words and sentences (Mat Taib, 2017).
Apart from that, in Malay this syntax is related to the formation of sentences that require words. Syntax can be defined as a method in a language system for studying the form, structure, and construction or construction of sentences (Nik Safiah Karim et al., 2010). For Abdullah Hassan (2012), states that syntax is an element in forming words and sentences by arranging morphemes and words to produce one or more syntactic units called phrases. From the above definition it can be concluded that this syntax is a method in forming phrases, clauses and sentences by arranging word by word correctly.
The syntactic branch of Arabic covers various aspects of word classification including Isim, Fi'il, and Harf. As for the aspect of the word Al-Tarkib An-Na'ti, it is included in the group of Isim words. This is different from the classification of words found in the Malay language which contains several groups of words including noun phrases, working phrases, joint phrases, adjective phrases. In this case, Na'at means tabi '(the word that follows) which is mentioned to explain what it follows (matbu'nya) or to specialize it (Ibn Hisham, 2007). Whereas according to Musthofa Al-Gholaayaini (2009) Al-Tarkib An-Na'ti is a word pronounced after the isim to explain the state of the isim or the state of other isim related to it.
While in Malay, there are differences in the formation of Malay sentences which consist of subject and predicate. According to Za'ba (2000) the subject is an object that is "about what is said" while the predicate means a story that is "a specific mind states something about the object". Therefore, Predicates in Malay can involve elements of adjective phrases. This adjective phrase can be defined as an arrangement of words and sentences that can consist of one or more words provided that the words and sentences contain adjectives or adjectives as their core words (Nik Safiah Karim et al., 2010). Thus, an adjective phrase can be produced with one or two words that function as adjectives or adjectives as well as reinforcers in sentence predicates.
From the explanation of the definition above, the researcher found that in Arabic, adjective phrases are present in a single predicate type to complete a sentence while in Malay adjective phrases can be present in one or more words to complete a sentence. In relation to that, this study was conducted to produce reference material that can be used as a guide in the field of translation of Arabic with Malay. It can also provide facilities to students who learn foreign languages in Malaysia, especially the linguistic aspects related to adjective phrases which are the most important elements in a language unit.

Contrastive Analysis Study of Arabic and Malay Language
In the study of contrastive analysis, there are several scholars have implemented this study that compares between Arabic and Malay in the field of syntax among them, a study by Mohammad Baihaqi Hasni et. al (2017) related to the contrastive analysis of Arabic and Malay but in the aspect of gender usage (Muzak'kar and Muan'nas) among engineering students of Universiti Malaysia Pahang. This study focuses on the problems that occur due to confusion in determining the two types and forms of words that are classified among men and women. He has used a descriptive qualitative approach through tests that have been conducted on 30 students. The results show that the confusion and errors in determining the types of male and female words due to the words in Arabic are quite detailed on each word. In addition, the Malay language is also influenced by the society and culture of Arabic, however, the Malay language has its own language system that gives an impact in learning foreign languages.
Kamarul Shukri Mat Teh (2014) made a syntactic comparison study that is the relationship of intransitive verbs with objects in Arabic and Malay. He wanted to see how the similarities of verbs can be transitive in Arabic and Malay. The difference that exists is that in Arabic it usually receives a prefix or internal affix by adding a letter at the beginning or in the middle of a verb. While the transitive of verbs in Malay receives prefixes only or prefixes and suffixes only. However, transitive verbs in Arabic include two different objects from Malay which require the exact object. Therefore, the difference in the types of verbs in Arabic and Malay leads to the difference in the number of objects accepted by the verb.
Manakal Siti Aishah Ashaari (2004) has discussed the comparison of adjectives between Malay and Arabic. This study analyzes the forms and concepts of adjectives found in both languages. This comparison is done with the aim of analyzing the similarities and differences that exist in these two languages. However, he only touches on adjective word formation without looking at the adjective phrase aspect in the sentence. This encourages researchers to make research related to Arabic and Malay adjective phrases.
In addition, a study by Baharuddin Shahman (2012) has elaborated on some basic sentence structures in Arabic and Malay. This study aims to look at the formation of basic sentence structure in Arabic and Malay and identify the similarities and differences between the two languages. researchers also provide methods and techniques that are easier to understand and master in learning Arabic.
In addition, a study by Muhammad Luqman Ibnul Hakim Sa'ad et. al (2014) next is related to the translation of Arabic prepositions (Arabic joint phrases) into Malay that can influence in terms of meaning, structure and function in grammar. His study was to see how Arabic prepositions influence the context of sentences in Malay. This is because, Arabic prepositions are able to give various meanings in a sentence. The preposition in Malay is a noun phrase or known in Arabic as Harf Jarr. He has used a descriptive qualitative approach as a research methodology by analyzing several text samples from the Arabic novel "Masrur wa Makrur" by Ahmad Bahjat. The results show that the preposition in Arabic is almost the same as in Malay. Nevertheless, prepositions in Arabic are more broad in semantic aspects for example, the letter ‫)من(‬ which carries meanings such as between, against, from, because and except. Ghazali Yusri (2000) conducted a study on the contrastive analysis between Malay and Arabic based on the concept of sentence connectors and pre -clause words. The purpose of this study is to identify the similarities and differences between sentence conjunctions and pre -clauses in Arabic and Malay. This study also wants to find out the difficulties faced by students while learning it. He also suggested that a study related to teaching and learning based on contrastive analysis can be conducted as a way to reduce confusion and difficulty of students in learning Arabic.
Based on the example of the study is more focused on the use of gender, noun phrases, and personal pronouns while the problems faced among students also involve adjective phrases and backup phrases in Arabic and Malay. However, there are still no studies related to contrastive analysis of adjective phrases and backup phrases in both languages. Therefore, the researcher took the opportunity to make a study related to adjective phrases to help students whether Malaysian students or foreign students.

Research Methodology
This contrastive analysis approach is used to compare two different languages, namely Arabic and Malay. According to Jacek Fisiak (1981: 1) states that contrastive analysis is used as a linguistic system related to two or more languages to obtain similarities and differences between the languages. According to linguist Carl James (1980: 3) also defines that this contrastive analysis is a guide in linguistics for the purpose of analyzing two languages with which the two languages can be compared.
Based on the definition of the above figure it can be concluded that contrastive analysis is a comparison based on linguistic features between two different languages and comparable languages. It also aims to identify the similarities and differences between the two languages through comparisons. This approach also facilitates language teachers in the process of teaching and learning to students in learning a foreign language as a second language.
Therefore, this study uses the contrastive analysis approach developed by Robert Lado (1957). Researchers use this approach as a guide to analyze data based on adjective phrases in Arabic and Malay. In this regard, Robert Lado (1957) proposed the following steps of contrastive analysis:Langkah pertama: 1. Gather the best information about the relevant languages. Information and data should contain phonological, morphological, syntactic and semantic aspects. The information should also include meaning, form and distribution. 2. The second step: The information and data must be collected in one study, this makes a linguistic researcher should include all aspects and structures while analyzing the language with scrutiny. 3. The third step: The researcher needs to compare between two languages based on structure with structure and pattern with pattern.Kajian analisis kontrastif yang akan dijalankan ke atas frasa adjektif bahasa Arab dan bahasa Melayu melibatkan langkah-langkah berikut : Table 1 Methods of Data Analysis

Number Study Questions Analysis 1
What are the types of adjective phrases in Arabic and Malay in the selected short stories?
Adjective phrases: Arabic and Malay 2 What are the similarities and differences of adjective phrases in Arabic and Malay in the selected short stories?
Adjective phrases: Arabic and Malay Based on table 3.2, the data for the two research questions are using sentence samples for analysis. Each sentence in the Arabic short story text is translated before being analyzed. Each sentence in the short story text studied will be analyzed using adjective phrases guided by the model of Robert Lado (1957).

Similarities and differences of Arabic and Malay adjective phrases in the short story "An-Nazarat" and the short story "Debu Merah"
A comparison of the similarities and differences of Arabic and Malay adjective phrases in both short stories can be seen in the following table;  Table 1 shows the similarities and differences of adjective phrases in Arabic and Malay sentences. Based on a sample of Arabic verses, this verse is in the form ( ‫الجملة‬ ‫)الفعلية‬ because this verse begins with the verb ( ‫.)طرقت‬ Na'at ‫)نعت(‬ in this verse is Na'at Mufrad which is ‫ا(‬ ً ‫)خفيف‬ located at the end of the verse. It becomes Na'at Mufrad because its form is not total or shibh total. While Man'ut ‫)منعوت(‬ is ‫ا(‬ ً ‫)طرق‬ which is also maf'ul mutlaq ‫مطلق(‬ ‫)مفعول‬ in the verse. In this case, ‫ا(‬ ً ‫)خفيف‬ becomes Na'at ‫)نعت(‬ because of its Man'ut ‫ا(‬ ً ‫)طرق‬ in the form of nakirah. Therefore, the words ‫ا(‬ ً ‫)خفيف‬ and ‫ا(‬ ً ‫)طرق‬ can be according to gender and number as well as nakirah to form Na'at Mufrad ‫المفرد(‬ ‫.)النعت‬ Based on the above verse, this verse is a noun phrase because it is preceded by the word 'he' which is pronounced as a noun. It is also the subject of the verse. The presence of an augmentative word in a sentence i.e. the word 'too' becomes a marker to the presence of an adjective or adjective. The adjective in this verse is the word 'disappointed' which indicates the attribute to the subject i.e. the word 'he'. Thus, the word 'too much' can be an amplifier in an adjective phrase.

Similarities and differences between Arabic and Malay Single Adjective Phrases
There is a similarity in the function of a single adjective phrase in Arabic sentences and Malay sentences. Both sentences use singular adjectives, namely the words ‫ا(‬ ً ‫)خفيف‬ and 'disappointed'. While the difference can be seen in the Malay sentences that use the word amplifier in the adjective phrase that is the word 'too'. Adapaun in the Arabic verse does not include the word amplifier ( ‫التفضيل‬ ‫.)اسم‬  Table 2 shows the similarities and differences of adjective phrases in Arabic and Malay sentences. Based on a sample of Arabic shows the sentence in the form ( ‫الجملة‬ ‫)الفعلية‬ because this sentence consists of verbs ( ‫الفعل‬ -‫وقف‬

Similarities and differences between Noun Phrases as Adjective Phrases in Arabic and Malay
). Na'at in the verse is Na'at Total Ismiyyah ‫األشياء(‬ ‫أشبه‬ ‫.)هو‬ Na'at Total Ismiyyah consists of mubtada ‫)هو(‬ and khabar ‫األشياء(‬ ‫)أشبه‬ in the form of makrifah which carries a specific meaning. While Man'ut ‫)منعوت(‬ is ( ‫)شيخ‬ in the verse. In this case, ‫األشياء(‬ ‫أشبه‬ ‫)هو‬ becomes Na'at because of Man'ut ‫)منعوت(‬ in the form of nakirah ‫.)شيخ(‬ Therefore, ‫األشياء(‬ ‫أشبه‬ ‫)هو‬ becomes na'at to Man'utnya ( ‫)شيخ‬ in the form of Na'at Total Ismiyyah.
In the Malay sentence, the subject is the noun phrase 'tenaga kerbau', while the predicate is the noun phrase 'yang bertanduk inverted' which means that the buffalo horn has two horns. The word 'yang' in the sentence is a conjunction to connect the subject and the predicate. In noun phrase sentences there is the word 'inverse' which is present as an adjective or adjective to the noun 'horned'. This adjective is also an illuminating element to the noun. This predicate phrase is present in the main clause. This adjective is present after the noun phrase. Thus, adjective phrases can be descriptive to noun phrases.
There is a similarity in the function of noun phrases as adjective phrases between the two languages, that is, must include nouns that are adjectives in Arabic and Malay sentences. In Arabic sentences the noun phrase is ‫األشياء(‬ ‫أشبه‬ ‫)هو‬ while in Malay it is 'reverse horn'. Both of these noun phrases become adjective phrases in sentences. In addition, the difference can be seen in Malay sentences there is the addition of the conjunction "yang" in the sentence to connect the subject and predicate (adjective phrase). It differs from the Arabic verse in that there is no addition of "yang" between na'at and man'ut.  Table 3 shows the similarities of adjective phrases in Arabic and Malay sentences. In the Malay language sample, the subject is the noun phrase which is 'Ibu hanya', while the predicate is the working phrase which is 'pandai menangis'. In the working phrase sentence there is the word 'clever' which is present as an adjective or adjective to the verb 'cry'. This adjective is also an illuminating element to the verb. This predicate phrase is present in the main clause. Thus, adjective phrases can be descriptive to working phrases.

Similarities and differences between Working Phrases as Adjective Phrases in Arabic and Malay
There is a similarity in the function of a working phrase as an adjective phrase between the two languages that is, must include the verb that is an adjective in the sentence. In Arabic sentences the verb is the word ‫)يتثائب(‬ while in Malay it is the word 'cry'. Both of these words are verbs that are adjectives in the verse. Moreover, differences can be seen in the verbs in the Arabic verse ‫)يتثائب(‬ which combine the verb ‫)فعل(‬ with the pronoun ‫)فاعل(‬ in its adjective. While in the Malay sentence there is no addition to the verb "cry".  Table 4 shows the similarities of adjective phrases in Arabic and Malay sentences. Based on the Arabic sample, the sentence is in the form ‫الفعلية(‬ ‫)الجملة‬ because this sentence consists of the verb ‫.)يضع(‬ Na'at ‫)نعت(‬ in this verse is Na'at Syibhul Total which is ‫اآلراء(‬ ‫.)من‬ This verse ‫اآلراء(‬ ‫)من‬ consists of hurf jar ‫)من(‬ and Isim Majrur ‫.)اآلراء(‬ While Man'ut ‫)منعوت(‬ in this verse is the word ‫.)رأي(‬ The word ‫)رأي(‬ becomes Man'ut ‫)منعوت(‬ because the word is nakirah. In this case, the word ‫اآلراء(‬ ‫)من‬ becomes Na'at ‫)نعت(‬ to the man'utnya ‫.)رأي(‬ Therefore, ‫اآلراء(‬ ‫)من‬ and ‫)رأي(‬ can be according to gender and number as well as nakirah to form Na'at Syibhul Total ‫الجملة(‬ ‫شبه‬ ‫.)نعت‬

Similarities and differences between Adjective Phrases in the form of Arabic and Malay Conjunctions
As for the example of a Malay sentence, this sentence begins with a verb which is the word 'menikah' and the conjunction of the word 'dengan'. This conjunction needs to be placed in the sentence to form an adjective phrase. The adjective in this verse is the word "white". Thus, the conjunction 'with' and the noun phrase 'white people' meaning "white people" are combined to form a conjunction in the adjective phrase.
There is a similarity in the function of the conjunction in the adjective phrase between the two languages, that is, in the sentence of the adjective phrase in Arabic and Malay both use the conjunction that is the word 'min ‫')من(‬ and the word 'with'. The presence of a conjunction in a sentence indicates the presence of an adjective after it.

Summary
Based on the analysis of the types of adjective phrases in Arabic and Malay, the researcher can conclude that there are adjective phrases in Arabic and Malay short stories. The following is shown in the table of types of adjective phrases in Arabic and Malay; Table 5 Summary of sample sentences of adjective phrases in Arabic and Malay

Number of sample sentences of Arabic and Malay adjective phrases
Arabic language Malay language Single adjective phrase 12 11 Adjective phrases as noun phrases 3 3 Adjective phrases as working phrases 7 5 Adjective phrases in the form of conjunctions 9 4 Amount 31 23 A comparison of the sample of adjective phrase sentences in these two languages shows that the Arabic sample recorded the highest number of sentence samples which is 31. While for the sample sample of Malay sentences which is 23. Based on the aspects studied by the researcher, only 31 Arabic sentences and 23 sentences were found. Malay.
In addition, based on the analysis of similarities and differences of adjective phrases in Arabic and Malay, the researcher can conclude that there are similarities and differences of adjective phrases in Arabic and Malay short stories. Among the similarities of Arabic and Malay adjective phrases is the similarity of singular adjective words. Both languages use only one word on adjectives. Arabic adjective phrases do not use augmentative and auxiliary words in single adjective phrases compared to Malay.
In addition, differences can also be seen in terms of noun phrases as adjective phrases in sentences. Similarities can be seen where both languages use noun phrases in making adjective phrase sentences. While on the aspect of working phrases as adjective phrases, similarities exist in both languages when using verbs as adjectives in sentences. The difference can be seen in Arabic sentences that have two words in the verb. Finally, for the aspect of adjective phrases in the form of conjunctions, similarities exist in both languages when using conjunctions in adjective phrases. (2015), entitled "Contrastive Analysis of Adjective Word Formation in Malay and Spanish". This study is a qualitative study of document text analysis. The purpose is to compare the formation of adjectives in Malay with Spanish. This study is different from the study conducted by the researcher but this study also analyzes the data in syntactic aspect. In this case, the researcher studies the syntactic aspects similar to the study conducted by the researcher. This study also uses the model presented by Lado (1957) just as the researcher used this model to make an analysis of two different materials. The research materials used in this study are from books, journals and magazines.

A study conducted by Mariyati Haji Mohd Nor
According to Miftahur Rohim (2013) in his study, contrastive analysis is a method used to compare two or more languages to obtain similarities and differences. Indonesian and Arabic have differences in characteristics and structure based on the way the language is formed. To get the shape of the structure of the two languages can be proven by comparing the two languages. In this study, the researcher made a study by comparing Indonesian and Arabic based on time, number, and persona. Therefore, the problem seen in this study is the difference in the form of Indonesian and Arabic vocabulary based on tense, number, and persona. This study is different from the study conducted by the researcher but this study also analyzes the data in syntactic aspect. In this case, the researcher studies the syntactic aspects similar to the study conducted by the researcher.
The approach used by the researcher in this study includes theoretical and methodological approaches. In theory, this study uses a contrastive analysis approach, while methodologically this research uses a comparative descriptive approach. There are 3 steps in this study namely data collection, data analysis and data analysis results. The results of the study also cover the similarities and differences of BI and BA vocabulary based on tense, amount, and persona. Based on the aspect of time in BI there is additional description of time on the words have been, already and past while in BA the description of time is mentioned in the vocabulary used, such as [fa'ala] 'already worked' and [żahaba] 'has gone'. In addition, for the aspect of number in BI there are singular and plural numbers. The singular is addressed to nouns, such as 'one seat' and 'one car', while the plural is repeated or denoted, such as 'many friends'. In addition, in terms of persona, the form of vocabulary in BI and BA consists of three parts, namely (1) the first person, (2) the second person, and (3)  While in the study by Safiruddin Muhamad (2009) which is related to the study of contrastive analysis on the structure of the combination of clauses in words in English and Indonesian. The purpose of this study was to identify the merging structure between clauses with words in English and Indonesian. It also aims to find out the similarities and differences of clauses and words in English and Indonesian. In this study, the researcher collects data through document analysis or literature review. The process of retrieving or collecting data and the use of source materials is limited to sources that include standard and all linguistic data taken from literature sources is limited to its importance to the purpose and objectives of research which includes its use in English and Indonesian.
Meanwhile, in the process of data processing in this study using a distributional method with the technique of decomposing or dividing the elements directly which describes the construction of the merging of clauses in the predicate sentences in English and Indonesian. This research process begins with the process of collecting data from each of the languages to be studied, namely data from English and Indonesian, especially about the predicate sentences. The data that has been collected is then analyzed and described in accordance with the linguistic elements and according to the standard rules of the grammar of the two languages. From this research, it is found that the construction of callus combination in English and Indonesian predicate sentences has 4 (four) similarities and 2 (two) differences. The similarities and differences in question are the similarities and differences that exist that are reviewed from the syntactic point of view of the two languages. The similarities and differences are the core or subject of discussion in this scientific work.
In a previous study conducted by Risa Mutafariha, (2015) entitled "Contrastive Analysis of Indonesian and Bahasa Malaysia Vocabulary in Upin and Ipin Animated Films" also analyzed the text. Contrastive analysis is a branch of linguistics that is used to compare two or more languages to obtain differences or similarities in form and meaning. Bahasa Indonesia and Bahasa Malaysia have differences and similarities in the form and meaning of the language. This is because both languages originated and developed from the Malay language. This study proves that between Indonesian and Malay have differences and similarities in meaning. The summary of the problem in this study, namely (1) how there is a vocabulary with the same form and meaning between Bahasa Indonesia and Bahasa Malaysia, (2) how there is a vocabulary with the same form and meaning between Bahasa Indonesia and Bahasa Malaysia, (3) how there is a vocabulary which is the same form but different meaning between Bahasa Indonesia and Bahasa Malaysia, and (4) how there is a vocabulary whose form is different but the meaning is the same between Bahasa Indonesia and Bahasa Malaysia. The purpose of this study, namely (1) to describe vocabulary whose form and meaning are the same between Indonesian and Bahasa Malaysia, (2) to describe vocabulary whose form and meaning are similar between Indonesian and Bahasa Malaysia, (3) to describe vocabulary whose form and meaning are the same but the meaning differs between Indonesian and Malay, and (4) describes vocabulary whose form is different but the meaning is the same. The approach used in this study is a contrastive linguistic approach. The method used to collect data is refer, the technique used is note technique. The steps of this study are based on three levels, namely (1) the level of data preparation, (2) the level of data analysis, and (3)  The study conducted by Neni Puspowat (2017) also uses contrastive analysis in examining grammatical problems that focus on the comparative study of Arabic majhul fi'il sentences and English passive voice, using the method of contrastive analysis. The background of the sentences fi'il majhul and passive voice is a linguistic error, which is an error in understanding the grammar of Arabic and English sentences. The purpose of this study is to provide an overview of the form of passive sentences in Arabic and English and to know the differences and similarities as well as the difficulties in these sentences and their implications in learning Arabic. The approach used in this research is a qualitative approach, while the type of analysis is document analysis (library research) that is data collection in this study using the library method that is in the entire research process from beginning to end using all library sources relevant to the problem being researched by author. Data were analyzed using descriptive methods. Contrastive Analysis is an activity to compare the structure of language that creates the differences and similarities of the two languages. From the results of the study, several results can be identified, including: (1) Between the two languages, Arabic is a complex language in grammatical order compared to English. (2) Between the similarities and differences between the sentence fi'il majhul and the sentence passive voice, the differences are known to be more than the similarities. (3) Learning fi'il majhul in Arabic is not just a theory, but in the presentation requires a method to facilitate the learning process.
The results of several previous studies show that there are similarities and differences in this short story analysis study. Almost all studies show similarities from the study design i.e. using contrastive analysis method. Most studies also focus on syntactic aspects to analyze various areas of the text. In addition, many researchers of the analysis of this aspect choose to use the method of contrastive analysis that is comparative analysis of two different languages. But not many people use the Robert Lado model. Various texts from various fields have been used in contrastive analysis including in the fields of pure science, history and literature. Therefore, the researcher chose the genre of short story text in the field of Arabic and Malay language to be analyzed to see the strengths and weaknesses of the text. Based on the findings of the study, it can be concluded that the advantages of these two short stories can be a reference in the teaching of Arabic and Malay.

Summary and Suggestion
In this section, the researcher explains the conclusions of the study analysis conducted on the similarities and differences of Arabic and Malay adjective phrases based on short stories selected from previous studies and conclusions related to the analysis of research findings conducted by the researcher.
This study is conducted using a qualitative study design. Therefore, descriptive data were obtained. The sample of the study is the researcher himself who will analyze two selected short stories from the group of short stories in Arabic, namely 'An-Nazarat' by Mustafa Lutfi al-Manfaluti. He was a famous writer and poet in Egypt. This collection of short stories 'An-Nazarat' is his most famous work. Meanwhile, the group of short stories in Malay is 'Debu Merah' by Shahnon Ahmad. This collection of short stories 'Debu Merah' is a collection of 19 short stories produced by Sasterawan Negara Shahnon Ahmad. Among the short stories selected from the collection of short stories an-Nazarat by Mustafa Lutfi al-Manfaluti are Madinatu suaadah ‫السعادة(‬ ‫,)مدينة‬ Ghurfatul Ahzaan ‫االحزان(‬ ‫)غرفة‬ and Hi'bul wal-Zawaaj ‫والزواج(‬ ‫.)الحب‬ Meanwhile, the short stories selected from Shahnon Ahmad's group of short stories Debu Merah are Di Tengah Keluarga, Doktor Zaqlul and Gelungnya Terpokah. In addition, the library approach is also done by researchers to collect data related to syntactic aspects of adjective phrases.
The total number of sentence samples for the adjective phrase aspect in 3 Arabic short stories is 31 and 23 sentence samples for the adjective phrase aspect in 3 Malay short stories. The adjective phrase aspect in Arabic short stories shows the greatest number. For the aspect of single adjective phrase, 12 samples of Arabic sentences were analyzed and 11 samples of sentences for Malay. While in the aspect of noun phrases as adjective phrases, the number of sentence samples is the same in both languages, namely 3 sentence samples. Similarly, with the aspect of working phrases as adjective phrases, 7 samples of Arabic sentences were analyzed by the researcher and 5 samples of Malay sentences. As for the aspect of adjective phrases in the form of conjunctions, 9 sentence samples in Arabic and 4 sentence samples in Malay.
Suggestions to do further research are necessary for this material i.e. short story text. The selected short story texts are only three short stories in the book of the Red Dust Short Story Group and three short stories in the an-Nazarat Short Story Group. However, the researcher chose only three to be compared in terms of adjective phrases and backup phrases. The selection of the short story is also based on the short story writer who received the national literary award. In addition, the study of syntactic aspects extensively such as using all the parts contained in this aspect in the text can also be done by other researchers later. This is because, there are still many more elements that have not been revealed from the syntactic aspect to be analyzed based on the short story.
Next is a proposal to the teaching staff to review the Arabic language teaching materials related to the learning of the language system. The study is not intended to assess the strengths and weaknesses of the sentences from the short story but to see the advantages that can be used as teaching and learning materials for foreign language students, especially in the field of syntax. Instructors encourage non-Arabic speaking foreign language students to take theme-based examples for use in language system learning. However, at the same time, examples of sentences from short stories can be utilized by teachers in the process of learning a foreign language. Having obtained the findings of the study, the two short stories have similarities and differences in the aspects of adjective phrases and backup phrases are very clear. Therefore, researchers suggest that these two short stories be utilized for their advantages in language teaching such as in the learning of syntax or morphology.
The teaching and learning outcomes based on the examples of sentences from the short stories actually give an advantage to our students. This is because examples of sentences quoted from short stories can be a guide to students in learning foreign languages better. Similar to the previous study that has been discussed earlier as an example of a study by Aefiqah binti gitin related to the comparison of aspects of cohesion and coherence in literary component short stories based on the Fairclough Model. The purpose of the study is to identify the strengths and weaknesses of both aspects in the short story Anthology of Deer Leather Jackets from Istanbul. They stated the sentences in the short story had their respective advantages for use in language teaching. this has a positive effect on teachers in teaching foreign languages, especially Arabic.
Therefore, one of the researcher's recommendations for this study is that it is hoped that other researchers can use this short story that has been analyzed as a further study for future research. Other researchers can test students learning a foreign language by using short stories as a guide in the language system. in addition to test studies, other researchers also need to leverage the fairclough model to implement more text analysis studies in the field of language education.