Relationship of Pay and Job Satisfaction

The study measures the relationships of pay satisfaction and its dimensions (pay level, benefits, pay raises and administration/structure) with job satisfaction. A total of 200 public sector employees, from different companies and non-governmental, independent institutions participated. The results showed that overall pay satisfaction and pay level affected job satisfaction while pay raises, benefits and administration/structure did not. The results and limitations of the study were discussed and suggestions on future research were given.


Introduction
Pay is an important aspect of doing business because it represents both, one of the largest organizational expenses, and one the most valued employee outcomes (Shaw, Duffy, Jenkins, & Gupta, 1999). Pay includes several forms of compensation such as "direct, cash payments (for example, salary); indirect, noncash payments (for example, benefits); the amount of pay raises and the process by which the compensation system is administered" (Williams et al., 2006, p. 392). The importance of pay to most employees makes it necessary for companies to analyze the attitudes and behaviors of these employees towards pay, in order to establish the right policies and structures to perform more effectively. Pay satisfaction refers to the extent to which a person is satisfied with the process and level of direct or indirect monetary rewards received for work (Ducharme et al., 2005), or in other words, as the "amount of overall positive affect (or feelings) individuals have toward pay" (Miceli & Lane, 1991, p.246).
Early researchers considered pay satisfaction an unidimensional construct (Orpen & Bonnici, 1987) and used either ad hoc measures or the pay satisfaction sub-scales of both the Minnesota Satisfaction Questionnaire (MSQ) and the Job Descriptive Index (JDI) (Fong & Shaffer, 2003). A major break-through in the research was made with the conceptualization of Pay Satisfaction Questionnaire by Heneman and Schwab (1985), as the first multi-dimensional construct of pay satisfaction. PSQ was a more appropriate measuring instrument than the Minnesota Satisfaction Questionnaire (MSQ) and Job Descriptive Index (JDI) because its values explained more areas of pay satisfaction (Judge, 1993;Scarpello et al.1988).
Nowadays, there is wide evidence to support the multidimensionality of pay satisfaction with the majority of studies showing that there are four dimensions (Carraher and Buckley, 1996;Currall et al., 2005;DeConinck et al., 1996;Heneman et al., 1988;Judge, 1993;Scarpello et al., 1988;Shaw et al., 1999), namely (1) pay level, (2) benefits, (3) pay raises, and (4) pay structure and administration. However most of the research on pay satisfaction has been focused on its dimensionality and antecedents. Vandenberghe and Tremblay (2008) advised on switching the focus of the research on to the consequences of pay satisfaction as a necessity to understand them better.
Job satisfaction is one of the most important consequences of pay satisfaction because it is related with other work outcomes (Hulin, 1991;Kinicki et al., 2002;Koh and Boo, 2001). Locke (1976) defined job satisfaction as "a pleasurable or positive emotional state, resulting from the appraisal of one's job experiences" (p 1304). It is a global concept comprised of various facets, which depending on the categorization can range from five (Smith, Kendall, & Hulin, 1969) to nine (Locke, 1976 The purpose of this paper is to explore the nature of the relationships of pay satisfaction and each of its dimensions with job satisfaction. The originality and value of the research is due to the use of a multidimensional factor, its focus on an outcome variable and its applications in a developing economy like Albania where there is very little-if any at all-research on pay satisfaction.

Methods and Procedures
200 questionnaires were collected via Google forms from public sector employees. Most of the respondents were females (54.5 %) and the rest were males (45.5 %). The majority of the employees sampled were under the age of 35 years (43.5 %), those in the 35-45 years age group were 38.5%, followed by the 45-55 years group (11%) with the rest being older than 55 years. The majority of the respondents (60.5 %) had less than 15 years of work experience and 62.5 % had been less than 5 years at their current position. More than half of them (51.5%) were non managerial employees with the rest being managers of all three levels.
The data were collected using an Albanian version of the survey scales. The questionnaire with 33 questions divided in three sections was developed by utilizing previously used and very reliable measures. The first section with 10 questions was used to acquire information on the participants' demographics characteristics. The second section with 18 questions asked the participants to rate their pay satisfaction levels. The final section with the remaining 5 questions asked the employees about their job satisfaction. The levels of pay satisfaction were rated with a five point Likert Scale with 1 being "Very Dissatisfied" and 5 being "Very Satisfied" and the levels of job satisfaction were rated with a five point Likert scale with 1 being "Strongly Disagree" and 5 being "Strongly Agree".
Heneman and Schwab's (1985) four dimensional Pay Satisfaction Questionnaire, the most popular multifaceted measure of the construct, (Carraher and Buckley, 1996), (Vandenberghe and Tremblay, 2008) was used to measure pay satisfaction. The four scales measure satisfaction with pay level, benefits, pay raise and pay structure and administration. There were four questions on pay level (e.g. The General Satisfaction construct of the Job Diagnostic Survey (Hackman & Oldham, 1975) was used to measure job satisfaction. It is an overall measure of the employee's satisfaction and happiness in his or her work. They were five statements (e.g Generally speaking, I am very satisfied with this job. I am generally satisfied with the kind of work I do in this job.) The Cronbach α estimates of internal consistency for job satisfaction were .72.

Results
To analyze the nature of the relationships between pay satisfaction and its dimensions of pay level, benefits, pay raises and administration/structure with job satisfaction we use the Chi Square Independence Test. In order to establish a relationship between the variables at a 95% confidence interval we need to have a Pearson Chi Square coefficient at less than .05. Table 1 shows the results of the test for pay level and job satisfaction. The Chi Square coefficient, expressed through Asymp.Sig. (2-sided), = 0.048 which is less than p = 0.05 (5%). This shows that our variables are connected and that pay level affects job satisfaction.  Table 2 shows the results of the test for benefits and job satisfaction. The Chi Square coefficient, expressed through Asymp.Sig. (2-sided), = 0.254 which is greater than p = 0.05 (5%). This shows that these two variables are independent of each other and that benefits do not affect job satisfaction.  Table 3 shows the results of the test for pay raises and job satisfaction. The Chi Square coefficient, expressed through Asymp.Sig. (2-sided), has a value = 0.075 > 0.05, thus showing that even pay raises are not related with job satisfaction.  Table 4 shows the data from the independence test of administration/structure and job satisfaction. The results reflect a lack of relationship between the administration/structure dimension and job satisfaction as the value of the Pearson Chi coefficient in this case is 0.336> 0.05. To explore the relationship between overall pay satisfaction and job satisfaction we construct a multiple linear regression, as follows: Yi=b0 +b1X1 +b2X2 +.....bnXn +εi.
First we see the multicollinearity of the independent variables between them (in our case 4 dimensions of pay satisfaction). The values of the following data show that the coefficient of their interaction is within the allowed limits -0.7 to 0.7, thus the correlation between them does not pose a problem in their interaction with job satisfaction as the dependent variable (Table 5). Before constructing the regression equation we refer to the ANOVA analysis. Table 6 shows that there is a relationship between the dimensions of pay satisfaction and job satisfaction since the value of Sig. = 0.00 <0.05.  Pay level has a greater influence on job satisfaction than pay raises as shown by the higher coefficient β=0.117.

Discussions and Conclusions
The study discovered that not all dimensions of pay satisfaction were related with job satisfaction. Overall pay satisfaction and pay level were related to job satisfaction while pay raises, benefits and administration/structure were not. The relationships of pay and pay level satisfaction with job satisfaction were expected considering empirical studies and the lack of relationships for the other three dimensions can be explained with the context in which the study was conducted. Organizations in the public sector might offer benefits of lesser value and number because of budgetary constraints. Employees in Albania also value much more the direct cash rewards like salaries or bonuses than indirect non cash rewards like benefits. Pay raises in the public sector are not frequent and usually just adjust the salaries to the level of inflation. The public sector causes limitations for the study. It is recommendable to also conduct this study on private sector employees in order to fully explore the nature of the relationships.